It is, however, something else that has really got the internet in a fury. In recent years there has been much discussion about Heathcliff’s ethnicity. The vast majority of actors cast in the role have been white: Laurence Olivier, Richard Burton, Timothy Dalton, Cliff Richard (no, really). Yet the text boils with something like racial othering. Heathcliff is described as “a dark-skinned gypsy” and compared to a “lascar”, a word for an Indian or Asian sailor. One might counter that elsewhere his face is “as white as the wall behind him”, but it remains reasonable to admit the possibility that Heathcliff was a person of colour.
Preparing her innovative, underappreciated 2011 adaptation, Andrea Arnold initially looked for an actor from the UK’s Romani community but eventually settled on a black performer named James Howson. Though the reactionary blowhards hadn’t yet fastened on to the word “woke”, they had “PC gone mad” to throw back in the film-makers’ faces. Counterarguments quoted the references above and convinced the open-minded that such an interpretation was reasonable.
A decade is a long time in discourse. The online response this week confirmed that a large swathe of the commentariat has moved from allowing the possibility that Heathcliff is black to an assertion that he is, to quote one X user, “canonically Bipoc” (which stands for black, indigenous and person of colour). Heathcliff “is described as a black/mixed race man”, someone else overclaimed. There was a lot more where that came from. Heathcliff is, it seems, now as black as Othello. Olivier playing Brontë’s creation in 1939 is, perhaps, no less a transgression than his blacking up for Shakespeare’s “Moor” in 1965. How did that happen? (...)
It would be a more boring world if we were all in agreement. And we are better off leaning into oversensitivity than blithely accepting discriminatory representation. But let us at least admit ambiguity into the conversation. Heathcliff could well have been Irish. He was found in Liverpool, you know. (Donald Clarke)
This tendency to conflate female novelists with their characters, and to misunderstand them as being somehow incapable of the imaginative work of novel-writing, long predates Ms. Rooney. In 1850, when Charlotte Brontë revealed that Ellis Bell, the purported author of “Wuthering Heights,” was in fact her late sister Emily, an immediate question arose that hadn’t occurred to anyone to ask about Mr. Bell: Where in the world did she get these crazy ideas? How could a sheltered young woman have come up with such a bizarre story?
The simplest answer — that Emily Brontë simply made her book up — seemed scarcely plausible. No, she must have had a dramatic love affair nobody knew about, or she was some sort of passive vessel of inspiration, or perhaps her brother, Branwell, was the writer — all arguments that echoed the notion that Percy Bysshe Shelley, not his wife Mary, really wrote “Frankenstein.”
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