He arrives as a foundling, a “dirty, ragged, black-haired child” found in the streets of Liverpool and deposited on the Yorkshire moors. He speaks “some gibberish that nobody could understand.” He is given a dead son’s name and raised among strangers who never let him forget he does not belong.
For nearly 180 years, readers of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights have debated the origins of its most enigmatic character. Is he a gypsy, as the novel repeatedly suggests? A “Lascar” – the period term for an Indian or Southeast Asian sailor? The son of African slaves? An Irish famine orphan?
A growing body of evidence, drawn from the Brontës’ own reading material and juvenile writings, points to the possibility that Heathcliff may have been imagined as an orphaned Indian prince.
“There are lots of possible identities to him,” says Corinne Fowler, professor of colonialism and heritage at the University of Leicester and co-curator of the exhibition “The Colonial Brontës” at the Brontë Parsonage Museum in Haworth. “So one of them is, is he a gypsy? Some of the characters in the novel think he’s a gypsy, some of them think he’s a Lascar. So it could have been an Indian sailor. Some people think that he was descended from African people.”
The textual evidence is, by design, inconclusive. When Mr Earnshaw returns from Liverpool with the starving child, his wife threatens to throw “the gypsy brat” out. Later, the Lintons speculate that he might be “a little Lascar” – a term derived from the Urdu lashkar, meaning soldier or camp follower, and commonly used in the 18th century for Indian sailors employed by the East India Company.
But it is the servant Nelly Dean who opens the most intriguing possibility. Attempting to comfort the boy, she indulges in fantasy: “Who knows but your father was Emperor of China, and your mother an Indian queen?”
As Fowler says, “Nelly even says, ‘if you were a regular black,’ and she also suggests at one point he might be an Indian prince.” That distinction matters. Heathcliff is dark, but not “regular black” – a qualification that opens space for imagining a non-European origin that is not African. An Indian prince. A Lascar sailor. The orphaned child of some distant colonial encounter. (Aishwarya Khosla)
0 comments:
Post a Comment